Identifying Carbohydrates Lab Report

(insert name here) (insert period #) Identifying Carbohydrates (First inital and last name of lab partner) Purpose The purpose of this lab is to learn how to identify different forms of carbohydrates by conducting the Benedict and Iodine test. Theory The theory for this concept is that if in the benedicts test the carbohydrate reacts, it is a monosaccharide. If it reacts in the Iodine test it is a polysaccharide. If no reaction occurs in either test the carbohydrate is a disaccharide. Data Type of carbohydrate| Benedicts Test| Iodine Test|Monosaccharide| R| NR| Disaccharide| NR| NR| Polysaccharide| NR| R| Solution| Bendicts Test| Iodine Test| Honey| R| NR| Oats| NR| R| Table Sugar| NR| NR| Apple Juice| R| NR| Powdered Sugar| NR| NR| Results Solution| Type of carbohydrate| Honey| Monosaccharide| Oats| Polysaccharide| Table Sugar| Disaccharide| Apple juice| Monosaccharide| Powdered Sugar| Disaccharide| Conclusion I found that honey reacted with the Benedicts test, so it must be a monos accharide. Oats did not react with the Benedicts test, but did react ith the Iodine test; so it is a polysaccharide. Both the table sugar and the powdered sugar reacted with neither tests, so they are both disaccharides. Lastly, the apple juice reacted with the Benedicts test so it is a monosaccharide. Questions 1) It could be a Polysaccharide or a Disaccharide. 2) It could be a Disaccharide or a Monosaccharide. 3) This would be a monosaccharide. 4) This would be a Disaccharide. 5) They originally came from producers. 6) The chemical formula is Cx(H2Oy) 7) 8)C12 H22 O11

To What Extenet Has the Labour Party Abandoned Its Socialist Routes?

To What Extent has the Labour Party abandoned its socialist routes? The definition of socialism is ‘An economic, social and political doctrine which expresses the struggle for the equal distribution of wealth by eliminating private property and the exploitative ruling class’. In some ways it could be said that New Labour hasn’t abandoned its socialist routes. For example, New Labour’s idea of a minimum wage very much bares a socialist style of view, as this is seen as fair, equal and is a redistribution of income.The old Labour party very much believed in the redistribution of wealth, as this was seen as helping out the less fortunate people of Britain. In early November 2012, Mr. Miliband stepped forward in support of a rise in the minimum wage, to what he calls the â€Å"living wage† New Labour still share many of the same ideas that old Labour once believed. For example, old Labour believed that everyone in the country should work together and sho uld forget about social classes, and new Labour believes that poverty gaps should be smaller, and classes should work together.The idea of Ed Miliband taking the Disraeli slogan â€Å"One Nation† shows a real reversion back to the old ways of typical socialism, and the idea that Britain will be united. It is in conventional terms this is about being more left wing than Tony Blair – keener on taxes and regulation whilst more hostile to the private sector. Also, new and old Labour both believe in public expenditure on a large scale. This is to give the nation equal opportunities and the best possible standards of living, arguing the point of new Labour still sticking to its socialist routes.Old Labour believed that taxation should be high on the rich people of the country, as they have more money to give to the country to benefit the less affluent citizens of Britain. New Labour believes in less radical taxation, however stealth taxes are used to also benefit the country as well as the rise to the 50% taxation for anyone earning over ? 100,000 introduced in the April 2009 budget. This shows that both eras of the party believed in taxation benefiting the less ‘fortunate’ members of the country.New Labour is seen to be ‘expanding’ on old Labour’s views and adjusting them to fit in with Britain’s social aspects. For example, old Labour believed in free education from 5-18 years. However New Labour want 3-4 year olds to have free nursery education, something that wasn’t even around when Old Labour was still existent. Old Labour morals disagree with the idea of entrenched privileges toward education, as the state should create conditions that will give maximum opportunity to all sections of society.Whereas New Labour does not have a problem with public schools and they have the view that if people are prepared to spend more money on giving their children more benefits then so be it. New Labour still have ma ny socialist views such as the idea of the UK being fairer and more prosperous than it was a decade ago, and it having the highest employment rate in the G7, and also that the government lifted 600,000 children out of poverty in 2007. This shows that the New Labour government is still keeping in mind the working class people of Britain, showing us that Labour still share some socialist views.However, in some ways it can be shown that New Labour has detached itself from its Socialist routes. This can be in the different views on nationalisation. Old Labour believed that big companies, like the railway, the telephone, and electricity firms are owned by the country as a whole instead of privately by businessmen and this worked by the public owning shares in the companies. Whereas new Labour share the view that the idea of Private Finance Initiatives (PFI), they welcome private funds into national institutions such as hospitals and schools etc.However In 2008 New Labour nationalized Nor then Rock, and this was met with cries of outrage from its shareholders. The famous joke made by Labour MPs was â€Å"At last we’re enacting the 1983 manifesto† and â€Å"one down, 249 to go†. It was however embarrassing for the government of the time, who were keen to avoid nationalisation of any kind When old Labour first became a political party, they were to represent the working class people of the country, which were linked to trade unions.The unions had realized that the liberals and conservatives would not represent them, so they looked to Labour to represent skilled workers. The Labour party established a wide range of trade unions, socialists, Christians, Fabians and Marxists, this provided key amounts of support for the then liberal party. The common old Labour views consisted of, forgetting class, which meant that the country should work together to earn the best way of living for everyone. Old Labour believed that the working class should have their own say, which was to be non-violent.The idea of collectivism was a view shared by old Labour, which means to work as a group rather than as individuals, which links to the view of forgetting class. The same cannot be said for New Labour. Blair had a big focus on backing a sweeping overhaul of party funding which curbed the influence of the unions over the Labour party. Ed Miliband, who’s close victory for the leadership of the Labour Party over his brother was arguably due to the support of the Trade Unions, decided to back the Conservative government’s pay freeze in the public sector.This angered Trade Unions greatly, and Miliband did it to show he wasn’t going to be ruled by Trade Unions. Old Labour have the idea that free enterprise (An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the producti on and distribution of goods and services. ) will do nothing good for the working class. However new Labour believe that free enterprise is a good idea as the workers will benefit massively from this.New Labour is also broadly pro-Europe, and wants to lead the country to become more involved in the EU. Shadow Foreign Secretary Douglas Alexander said in November 2011 â€Å"It is still my view that the Labour Government took the right decision on the Lisbon Treaty† However, the old labour view was that the EU doesn’t have the same values as Britain. This is a prime example of how new labour have strayed away from old labour and are becoming less socialist as a result of this, because these views are radically different from each other, showing that new labour may have differed from old labour views.There is also an argument that says that not only has New Labour abandoned its Socialist routes, but New Labour has been accused of being far too right wing on some policies. For example, in December 1997, 47 Labour MPs rebelled when the government carried through the previous administration's plans to cut the benefits paid to new single-parents. Tuition fees for university students were also introduced with no debate within the Labour Party itself. The government also promoted wider use of Public Private Partnerships and the Private Finance Initiative, which were opposed particularly by trade unions as a form of privatisation.Another example of Labour appearing too right wing is that the New Labour government has been closer to corporate business interests than any previous Labour government. This idea was opposed by old Labour views, and dramatically shows how different new Labour is now from when the party first started out. Since 1997 Labour's economic policies have sought to take a middle way between the more centralised socialist approach of past Labour governments and the free market approach of the Conservative government from 1979 to 1997. One o f the most popular policies introduced was Britain's first National Minimum Wage Act.This act was a massive revelation, and shows us that Labour still shares a socialist way of thinking, even in this modern day and age. In conclusion, it is fair to say that New Labour has abandoned its Socialist routes, but this can be attributed to Politics slipping into much more of a battle for the central spectrum of politics. The core vote now lies between the left and right, and to gain the power of government, the Labour Party has had to juggle appealing to its dye in the wool support as well as the core vote. Jono Davis

Rationale for Moral Action After 1918 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rationale for Moral Action After 1918 - Essay Example Discovering that even the states were fallible in their interpretations of moral action, individuals were left in confusion attempting to discover just what was expected of them and how they were supposed to answer these major questions of life. To determine what rationale could be used to assess correct moral action after 1918, a number of authors began to write about the subject, or around the subject, attempting to provide their readers with a sense of what was right and what was wrong based upon newly established criteria in keeping with their individual viewpoint. Before discovering what authors such as Hannah Arendt, Modris Eksteins, Franz Fanon and Heda Kovaly have to say about morality and legitimacy, one must first have a clear idea of what is meant when the term ‘morality’ is used. There are a number of things that can be implied when using the word ‘morality.’ According to Bernard Gert (2008), morality can be used â€Å"to refer to a code of conduct put forward by a society, some other group such as religion or accepted by an individual for her own behavior.† It can also be used to refer to a specific code of conduct that would normally be used by any group of rational people. There is a distinct difference in these two definitions that lies at the heart of the morality question. The first understanding suggests that there are different codes of morality for different people or cultural groups that are not necessarily valid in another group. This implies that the second definition cannot hold true because it suggests that there is a sort of universal code of conduct that is applicable to all human races, cultures and religious practices. When looking at the work of the above-named authors, it seems clear that they are attempting to suggest this sort of universal code is valid, but that its interpretation is not always equally applied.

Questions Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions - Speech or Presentation Example The Industrial Revolution planted the seeds for the erosion of the employment-at-will doctrine. When employees began forming unions, the collective bargaining agreements were formed and the unions had to negotiate with employers frequently because the agreement had provisions in them that required just cause for adverse employment actions, as well as procedures for arbitrating employee grievances. The 1960s marked the beginning of Federal legislative protections (including Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act) from wrongful discharge based on race, religion, sex, age, and national origin. These protections reflected the changing view of the relationship between employer and employee. Rather than seeing the relationship as being on equal footing, courts and legislatures slowly began to recognize that employers frequently had economic advantages when negotiating with potential or current employees. The recognition of employment as being central to a person’s livelihood and well-being, coupled with the fear of being unable to protect a person’s livelihood from unjust termination, led to the development of common-law, or judicial, exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine beginning in the late 1950s. Employers should use gender neutral terms when advertising for staff. For example, adverts for a postman, waitress, salesgirl, which use a job description with a sexual implication, are likely to violate the Sex Discrimination Act. Occasionally, however, an employer may be able to lawfully discriminate on grounds of sex or race, for example, a department store could legitimately advertise for male applicants to play Father Christmas. On the basis of above facts it is quite clear that Muhammad pursue a claim for discrimination against Joes Bakery since the discrimination has been made on the grounds of racial discrimination by refusing him the

National System of Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

National System of Employment Relations - Essay Example Thus employers are subject to a framework of rules and regulations that seek to ensure the obligations of employers to employees. However the recent developments in the sphere of employment relationship have demonstrated that a number of new factors have forced both employers and employees to mutually agree on certain non-extant or poorly defined rules and regulations (Kelly, 1998). For instance when the labor law is ambiguous the employment relationship becomes much more individualistic. In other words when an employment relationship does not exist it is almost impossible to define the legal outcomes such as rights and obligations of the relationship. In such a situation the employer and the employee might develop a vague and individualistic employment relationship (Lindio-McGovern, 2003). The same applies to triangular employment relationship in which the employee might sign the employment contract with the agency rather than with the end-user. In such a situation the employment relationship might become too individualistic. The same principle can be applied to the disguised employment relationship in which the employee is treated by the employer as a non-employee without the rights provided by law and therefore minus the legal obligations cast on the latter by labor legislation (Lee, 1996). In other words it is an individual arrangement between the employer and the employee. Globalization a... The theoretical constructs on globalization have been varied and complex. This diversity has injected a considerable amount of controversy and conjecture into the current discourse on the subject though. While the underlying theoretical constructs basically refer to such parallel concepts as international free trade and financial movements there are other related concepts too. Thus it must be noted globalization has reduced the importance of employee relations in the context of global environment (Kaufman, 2004). The legal relationship between the employer and the employee defines the very essence of the employment relationship. However it has been pointed out by critics that the existing labor legislation and social security provisions do not adequately cover up the requirements of employees. In fact the employment relationship has become more or less an individual arrangement devoid of universal contractual obligations as found in International Labor Organization's (ILO) documents (www.ilo.org). This phenomenon has acquired a new dimension under different disguises and ruses adopted by employers and imposed on unsuspecting employees. The former tends to arrange an individualistic relationship with the latter on the basis of immediate benefits of employment while the latter agrees more or less due to personal compulsions.Employment relationship ensures the availability of a number of rights and obligations to the employee and imposes some obligations on the employer. In the same manner it i mposes some obligations on the employee and grants a right to the employer to obtain the service of labor of the employee.

Higher National Diploma in Business, Managing Financial Resources and Assignment

Higher National Diploma in Business, Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - Assignment Example The funding of a company’s operations through the use of debentures has become a commonly followed practice in the United Kingdom. Therefore, Excellence Solution Plc. can access debentures as a mode of funding. Share capital is a main form of external financing for a private limited company. Since Excellence Solution Plc. is listed in a premium stock exchange like London Stock Exchange, it would be comparatively easy for the company to sell its shares in the capital market to raise the required finances. Bank loans are usually considered as easily accessible sources of financing. The company may take a term loan which would be repayable at equal monthly instalments and which would carry a predefined interest rate. A bank loan is tax deductible and is feasible for the company because it would help to meet the goal of the company to pay back the loan in a year’s time. The bank loans would be easily accessible by Excellence Solution Plc. This is because, the company is an established company and banks and other types of financial institutions are much interested to extend financing to an established public limited company as compared to the small business entities. Taking loans from the bank would ensure that the company does not experience any dilution of control because the banks do not have any say in the decisions and management of the company. The interests paid on bank loans are tax deductible which would be highly advantageous for a company with high scale operations. But, in case of bankruptcy, the loan would act as a major burden because it is obligatory for the company to pay back the loan irrespective of its financial position. For an established public limited company like the case company, it would be very easy to access share capital. Not only are the shares capable of generating high amounts in the capital markets but also, they are likely to be bought by the shareholders in

Business -Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business -Assignment - Essay Example The increase in unemployment would result to lesser people having jobs. Lesser people having jobs would translate to lesser Tesco sales. People have less money to buy Tesco products. Clearly, one possible effect is the decline in the company’s sales(Geroski & Gregg, 1997,49). Another possibility is the increase in variable expenses. Inflation would translate to higher prices of commodities, raw materials and other purchase amounts. The company must spend more to purchase the same number of inventory sold in the Tesco Plc stores. The prices of other products sold in its outlets would rise. Obviously, another possibility is the increase in variable expenses(Lipsey & Chrystal,2007,334). A third possibility is an increase in fixed expenses. The electricity cost could increase because of the increase in the electricity company’s operating expenses. The water utility company would increase prices. The telephone costs could demand a price increase. The fixed salary of Tesco employees could increase. Definitely, A third possibility is an increase in fixed expenses(Ingham,2000,47). A fourth possibility is the decline in purchases. A decline in sales would result to an oversupply of products being displayed at the Tesco Plc shops. Many of the inventory items displayed in the Tesco Plc will have a high probability of expiring because of the slowdown in demand for Tesco Plc product. The company, Tesco Plc, will be forced to reduce the number of items purchased due to the large stocks of unsold store items displayed. This reduction in Tesco Plc purchases would ensure that the newly bought products will be sold only after the prior –purchased products have been sold. Surely, a fourth possibility is the decline in purchases(Mullard, 1995,113). A fifth possibility is retrenchment of some employees. A reduction in sales would mean that the company may generate a large decline in the company’s products. Thus, the company has to

Ethical Decision Making and Ethical Leadership Essay

Ethical Decision Making and Ethical Leadership - Essay Example The leaders, therefore, will discourage the worker from accepting the gift no matter the reasoning and justification. The email would look like ‘‘Dear officer, I am sorry to inform you that if you breach the company’s rule that abhors acceptance of gift from customers then be ready to face the consequences. This rule should be followed at all times.’’ This approach hampers the organization’s democratic space where the views of others are not taken into account leading to the growth of an autocratic system. The management is likely to plunge into a culture where they impose strict self-centered rules. Over time, with the resistance and breach of these rigid rules, the leaders may escalate up the moral reasoning ladder making them adopt a more rational perspective in solving moral dilemmas in decision making. Moral reasoning is not complete at stage one and that is the reasoning why it is regarded as a reasoning pattern for children who do not have the capacity to rationalize between good and bad. They, therefore, have to blindly set or follow the laid down laws or regulations. Convection and post convection stages are eye-openers in moral

State your side of the issues on, wheater stricter gun control laws Research Paper

State your side of the issues on, wheater stricter gun control laws reduce crime rates or does it increase the crime rates in texas - Research Paper Example The idea of gun control in the State of Texas is absurd for all reasons already mentioned in addition to the independent nature of the culture in Texas. Much the same as in other states, guns are a tradition passed from father to son, a way of life. Even if some types of guns were outlawed, the logistical problem and practicality of collecting them would also be absurd. According to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (â€Å"The Constitution†, 2006). This, as were the entire Bill of rights, was added by the founders of the country so as to provide a clearer definition of the specific rights granted to all Americans. Gun control supporters consider the Second Amendment to be â€Å"obsolete; or is intended solely to guard against suppression of state militias by the central government and therefore restricted in scope by that intent; or does not guarantee a right that is absolute, but one that can be limited by reasonable requirements† (Krouse, 2002). However, they only question the need for people to own firearms that are not primarily designed for sporting purposes such as hunting. Clearly, the right to own guns was of utmost importance to the Founding fathers given that it was listed second, after the freedom of speech and religion was acknowledged in the First Amendment. The Founders recognized that by ensuring the right to own arms, the public would have the ability to defend themselves from that which may jeopardize their life, liberty or pursuit of happiness. This could include physical protection from animals and persons and or from an tyrannical government that endangered the freedoms outlined in the Constitution. â€Å"The Second Amendment reflects the founders’ belief that an armed citizenry, called the ‘general militia’ was a necessary precaution against

Character Analysis of the Grandmother in Flannery O'Connor's story A Essay

Character Analysis of the Grandmother in Flannery O'Connor's story A Good Man is Hard to Find and Mrs. May in the story Green - Essay Example Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is a story about a family that is going to Florida on vacation. However, on the way, they have an accident, and end up meeting an escaped convict and his posse, who end up killing the whole family. â€Å"Greenleaf† by Flannery O’Connor is a story about a widow, Mrs. May, who has singlehandedly, and without the help of her two adult sons, run a farm for fifteen years. She does not like her employee Greenleaf, nor his family. The story conveys her contempt and enviousness at seeing her employee’s sons succeed when hers have not, at least according to her standards. It ends by Mrs. May dying by being gored by a bull. The stories, written by the same author, do have some similar themes, however, the object of this paper is to identify the similarities of the protagonists of the two stories – the grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and Mrs. May in â€Å"Greenleaf.â⠂¬  There is a definite sense in both stories that the protagonists are very aware and conscious of their social standing. What is more, they seem to revel in it, to the point where they think that they are not â€Å"common† folk, so to speak. The grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† while going with her family to the vacation, appears to be very conscious of the sort of clothes she has worn. It is explained that the reason for her to have done so is that in case they are involved in an accident, she wants others to know that she was a lady (422), and not a common woman. In order to keep up that appearance, she does not even allow her grandchildren to throw an empty sandwich box and the paper napkins out of the car window after they had a snack during the car ride. Mrs. May, in â€Å"Greenleaf,† also seems to harbor such ideas about herself. She does not like the idea that her son has become an insurance-man to African-Americans, or a â€Å"nigger insur ance-man† as she calls it (451). One of her biggest fears is that her sons, who are unmarried, will marry â€Å"trash,† thereby ruining everything she had sought to achieve, which is of course her social standing, or what she deems it to be. Another similarity between the two protagonists is that both of them are quite controlling. The grandmother wants her son to change her plan of vacation because she wants to go somewhere else, and for that she uses the excuse of The Misfit, the renegade convict right when the story starts. What is more, during the trip when she wants to visit her old house, she makes up a story to entice her grandchildren who, as expected by her, make a clamor till the father agrees to take them there (425). Mrs. May, similarly, seems to have a very controlling attitude. Even though throughout she has a feeling that she is the victim as nobody would help her, however, it is clear that she is the controlling one in the family – she does not wa nt to let go of the control she has over her sons. This is apparent from the way she gets her will changed so that even after her death her sons would not opt to marry, what she deems to be, low born girls, by putting in a proviso that if they do so, their wives would not inherit any money from them (451). Lastly, both the protagonists had a complicated relationship with their children. Bailey seems to be quite reluctant to listen to his mother, the grandmother of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.† What is more, he does not really associate with her much. Throughout the story, he seems aloof from her. Mrs. May’s sons, also, do not really have a close relationship with their mother. They do not follow in her footsteps to take over the farm, instead both of them go out and seek other professions. What is more, they do not appear sympathetic to their mother’s pleas either. This is perhaps due to the fact that she is controlling and feigns her victimization too much for their taste. Either way, the sons are not at all close to their mother nor are they supportive of her in any

Farewell Speech Essay Example for Free

Farewell Speech Essay A Journey by Train A journey by train is the cheapest, comfortable and safe. Last Sunday I went to see my uncle at Rawalpindi. I got up early in the morning. I hired a rickshaw and reached the station. I bought a ticket. There was great rush at the platform. Every body was in a hurry. The train reached in time. I hurriedly boarded the train. Fortunately, I got comfortable seat near the window. The guard whistled and the train moved at 5 a. m. The train passed through the green fields, barren areas and mountains. Trees, buildings and mountains looked running backward. I saw different sights and landscapes. The train crossed many rivers and canals. At last, it arrived at 11 a. m. at Rawalpindi Railway Station. My uncle and cousin were present there to receive me. It was a good experience. My Country The name of my country is Pakistan. It is my home land. It is a Muslim country. It is founded by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It came into existence on August 14, 1947. it has four provinces. Punjab, Sindh, Frontier and Baluchistan. Every province has its own culture. The people of every province are recognized by their language and dress. But being Pakistanis, they all are one nation. Its national language is Urdu. The official language is still English. Its population is about 16 crore. It is an agricultural country. There are many rivers in it which irrigate its crops. Its main food crops are wheat, maize and rice. Its main cash crops are cotton, tobacco, and seeds. Its area is 310403 square miles. There are high mountains, vast plains and deep sea in it. India China and Afganistan are its neighbouring countries. There are many universities, colleges, and schools in it. It is making progress in industry quickly. May God keep my country in running condition! My village A.B.C is my village. It is situated on Lahore Faisalabad main road. It is 35 kilometers from Faisalabad. It is a large and big village. Its population is about 22,000. Most of the villagers are farmers. Some are factory workers. Some are government servants. The others do their own business. All the villagers are hardworking. They earn well. All are well to do. There are left only some kacha houses. The people of my village are very fond of learning. Except some, all the boys and girls go to school and colleges. There are two high schools in my village one for boys and one for girls. There are six shops in my village. There is a post office, a patwar-khana, an office of the union council and a dispensary in it. The agricultural land of my village is very fertile and rich. My village produces big crops every year. It is an important and beautiful village. SCHOOL SHOKEEPER OR OUR TUCK-SHOP We have a nice, little tuck-shop in our school. It is run by Mr. Nazir. He is about 45. He is a gentleman. He is very polite to polite the students. Most of the students are known to him. He sells fruit, sweets, eggs, milk, tea and other edibles. We can buy cold drinks of many kinds and some stationary. Sometimes the students borrow things. He writes their names with date and amount in a register. He charges the reasonable prices. He sells the pure and No.1 things. The headmaster often tests and checks his things. He advises him to keep his things clean, fresh and pure. It is always a pleasure to pay a visit to it. Rich students frequently visit the shop while the poor now and then. Because it needs some money to visit his shop recess is the rush time of this shop. The shop keeper opens it before the school opens and closes it after the school time. A FARMER A farmer is the most important member of our society. He grows food and corn for us. He gets up with the first crow of the cock. He goes to the cattle shed. He feeds his cattle and milks the buffaloes. Then he says the morning prayers. He takes his breakfast and goes to fields. He works there till noon. Now he ploughs the fields. Then he sows the crops. At another time, he waters the fields. At noon, his wife brings his lunch. After the lunch, he takes some rest, after about two hours, he is again busy with his work. He returns home in the evening. My Father Father is a blessing of Allah. But a kind and generous father is the greatest blessing of Allah. M. Riaz is my dear father. He is an M.A in English and teaches in local High School. He is about 30. He is tall and strong. He is clean shave. He has a graceful personality. He is a true Muslim. He says his prayers regularly. He recites the Holy Quran daily. He awakes us early in the morning and takes us to the masjid. He makes us to live according to the Sunnah. He never lets us go astray. He does his duty honestly. He teaches us to be honest to our work. The Telephone. The telephone was one of the most important inventions of the nineteenth century. It was invented by Alenander Graham Bell. Since then, the telephone changed many forms, shapes and sizes. Later, mobile phones were produced. Their use is that they can be carried anywhere, as they are very small. The telephone works in the way that it converts our sound into electric impulses. These impulses then travel through wires and cables and reach the receiver as sound. At first the telephone was present in only the big cities. In small towns and villages, it was not present. But then, as development of towns and villages took place, the telephone was provided over there as well. Also, international calls could not be made directly, People had to go to exchanges to make international calls. But now you can dial international number sitting in your house. Now-a-days, you can even make phone calls through the computer. Telephone is a great facility for the people of all around the world to connect them one another. Television What a wonderful feat the scientists have done by invented a television! They have provided us with a source of recreation. It is a boon for the people. In the twenty first century, science is progressing by leaps and bounds. It has caused many inventions. The television is one of the wonders of this age. It has made our life easier and more pleasant. We are very fortunate that we are born in the modern scientific age. The television is a symbol of the wonderful progress. It is manufactured by a large number of firms. It has become very common now-a-days. We can say, it has become a part of modern life. We enjoy many facilities as the ancient people could not even dream of it. We are indebted to that benefactor of humanity who invented it. Bit scientists are always busy in inventing such things as many lessen the troubles of human beings and give them comfort. A village Fair There was time when the amusements enjoyed by the villagers were quite different from that of the people living in cities. They took part in the sports, Kabaddi matches and listened to folk songs. With the passage of time, we find no difference between the amusements of the villagers and those of the citizen. Construction of roads has connected the villages to the cities. Electricity has been supplied to most of the villages. Every village has a television set and refrigerator in his home. That entertains his guests with pepsi cola and other cold drinks. Besides sports and kabaddi matches a village fair is also poplar recreation for the village folk. Farmers work hard all the year in their fields. They need some hours of relief and relaxation from boring life. A fair provides them a good entertainment after a harvest. It provides them an opportunity to enjoy to their heart’s content. They forget their cares, worries and laborious work. They put a few hours in the fun and frolic of the fair. Fairs are associated with seasons. In Lahore Mela Cheraghan is held in the last week of March. Mela Naulakha Hazrari is held at Shahkot (Sheikhupura) on 23rd March every year. It is celebrated in memory of a saint. Villagers come from far and near to enjoy the fair. It continues for three day. They attend the fair in groups. They shout, laugh and dance at the beat of drums. There are stalls and shops of toys and sweets, which have a good sale. Fair the most popular form of entertainment for the villagers. It provides them relief from the year long hard work. Mobile Mobile is a mini device through which people talk with one another. It is the latest invention of this era. There was a time when telephone had great important in business fields and in houses to keep the people in touch with one another. But with the advent of mobile, houses look bare with telephones even offices as well. Mobile is a mini device without wires. Mobile is not only a means of talking to others but also it does many other activities of people. The latest mobiles work like a computer. We can watch movies stored in its memory. We can draw a lot of pictures through its camera. We can watch many live programmes on its mini screen if it has the facility of internet in its functions. Using internet, we can employ facebook , google, youtube and many more websites that we need. Mobile is a sort of mini computer. A latest mobile does all the activities which a computer does. It always remains with us and helps us when we are in trouble. A traveling person does not have any difficulty to reach his goal. A business man always feels a helplessness if he does not have any mobile. Mobile has become the dire need of human life.

Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information

Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information The purpose of financial statements is to give financial statements information about the change in financial position, financial performance and financial position of the organization. These can provide data use in decision making such as investment, credit and economic decision making which are useful for various users. There are seven main groups of users which are public, investors, lenders, employees, customers, supplies, government and other agencies and the needs of information is different for each group, for instance, employee will interest on the profitability, retirement benefits and employment opportunities and so on. Financial statement is supposed to relevant, reliable, understandable and comparable. In addition, financial statement may include other information, for example, the uncertainties and risks that influence the organization. Evaluation of the relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability Relevance is about the information that has the ability to influence the economic decisions of users. There are two main points relate to the relevance which are predictive value and confirmatory value. Predictive value can help users to measure the past, present or future performance. Confirmatory value can help users to confirm their past evaluations. The annual reports include ten-year statistics which have the recent ten-year figures. It includes profit and loss account, balance sheet and passenger services figures and so on. It can help the shareholders to confirm the past evaluations, measure the past performance and compare the relevance information at the same time. The annual reports embody a part of operating network with future extensions. In this part, the report has stated all properties that they are developing, constructing, planning and the properties that owned, developed and managed by them. It can help us to predict the present and future performance and verify the past evaluations. In the annual reports, we can find the CEOs review of operations and outlook. This part is the MTRs CEO taking about the MTR past performance which is good and which is bad, it also mentions the next year development of the MTR. It gives us a clear mind about the MTR what will do during the next year and briefly review the previous year performance. Reliability is about the information that is a complete and true representation. There are five major issues involve in reliability, free from material error, a faithful representation, neutral, prudent and complete. MTR use one of the big 4 accounting company that is KPMG. KPMG is a large international company and has a lot of auditing experience and professional staff. Therefore, shareholder can have a great confidence on the financial statements. On the other hand, the audit report state that the KPMG give a true and fair view that means the MTR reports are properly prepared with accounting standards which means the reports are free from material, faithful representation, prudence and complete. Also, the accounting firm is an independent audit firm which can fulfill the point of neutral. As a shareholder, we can have a great confidence on that reports, because it is accuracy and do not have any creative account. MTR is a public organization and it is managed by government. It has been required a high transparency that disclosure all information to public, such as, company policies, therefore, their information must be faithful, neutral, prudent and complete which are required by law. So, their information has a high reliability. From the view of shareholders, we can trust on it. The MTR have an internal audit team which is responsible for the internal control, project review, fraud investigation, due diligence and management review and so forth. It can help the MTR to give us a report that is reliable, free from material error, faithful, neutral, prudent. As a shareholder, we can have great confidence on the annual reports. Comparability is about the similarities and differences can be discerned and evaluated. There are two key matters include in the comparability which are consistency and disclosure. Inside the annual reports, we can find many figures that can give us to compare. Such as the Ten-Year Statistics, it includes ten years data for us to realize. We can see that the earnings per share are increased steadily each year from $0.81 per share in 2000 to $1.69 per share in 2009. Also, the profit is increased rapidly from $7,758 on 2006 to $15,182 on 2007. In addition, in the CEOs Review of Operations and Outlook part, it compare a lot of data, for example, the Average weekday patronage for the Domestic Service in 2009 was 3.5 million, which represents an increase of 0.9% over 2008 and the total revenue from property rental, property management and other businesses in 2009 was HK$2,928 million, an increase of 8.0% over 2008. Moreover, the financial statements have provided two years figures for us to compare which is 2008 and 2009. For instance, the Loans, other obligations and bank overdrafts is decrease significantly from $31,289 in 2008 to $23,868 in 2009 which decline 23.7%. The dividend per share is increase from 0.48 in 2008 to 0.52 in 2009 which increase 8.3%. From the figure that we have analysis above, we can see that the MTR profit is increase each year and the loan decrease each year, therefore, it is a signal for us continue to keep the share or investment more. Understandability is about the significance of the information can be perceived. There are two important points contain in the understandability, users abilities and aggregation and classification. Inside the annual reports, it contains a glossary part. In the glossary, it explains a particular domain of knowledge that uncommon, specialized or newly introduced. For example, operating margin means operating profit from railway and related businesses before depreciation and amortization as a percentage of the turnover and ordinary shares means ordinary shares of HK$1.00 each in the capital of the company and so forth. As a shareholder, it helps a lot during reading the annual reports, because not every shareholder also has that much professional knowledge. The annual report contains many picture, table and chart. An annual report is very thick, because it contains large information about the MTR performance. From the view of shareholder, if the reports are full text, it is hard for us to read it all, because it has a lot of words to read and understand. When reading the annual reports, it is not hard to find pictures, tables and charts, it can help us more easily to realize the information, especially the tables and charts, it convert the figures into a understandability form so that the readers can catch the main point easily. It also includes a content page and classifies similar data to similar group. When we look at content pages, it not only states the title but also state the number page which makes the shareholders more convenience to find the information what they need. This annual reports have different language version which can take care of different users, although this MTR is a Hong Kong organization, as a shareholders, I may be a foreigner and I can not read any Chinese words. Therefore, different language version is important as well. It is easy to find that the MTR annual reports have been prepared by two versions which are Chinese and English. Which one of the four qualitative characteristics of financial information is the most important? In my opinion, the reliability is the most important qualitative characteristic. If the financial statements are not reliable, the shareholders will not have any confidence on the MTR reports, because they feel that the financial statement information of the MTR is not faithfulness and truthfulness. Hence, they will not have any interest to realize the MTR reports, so that the objective of financial statement is invalid. Even though the annual reports has higher quality of relevance, comparability and understandability, but without reliability which will cause the shareholders and potential investors run away. In the opposite side, if the financial statements have a higher degree of reliability, the shareholders will have more confidence on the annual reports, because higher degree of reliability means the annual repot have meet the requirements of free from material error, a faithful representation, neutral, prudent and complete. When the reports meet those requirements, it attracts the shareholders stay and attracts more investors. When seeing the MTR annual reports, we can know that their reports have a good reliability. The MTR employ an external accounting firm which is KPMG to audit their accounting information, it fulfill the point of neutral. The audit firm also give a true and fair view to the MTR which means their information are faithful, complete, prudent and free form material error. From the above discussion, we can see that reliability is the most important qualitative characteristics in the financial statement. Conclusion During analysis the MTR annual reports, I know that the four qualitative characteristics have a great influence to shareholders. It has a significant impact on the decision making, because it can help them to understand, realize and build up the confidence on the MTR reports. The four qualitative characteristics also affect the shareholders invest or not. In my opinion, the reliability is the most important qualitative characteristic, it represents faithfulness and truthfulness. Shareholder will depend on it to decide whether those accounting information can trust or not, thereby to planning the investment decision. Word Count: 1553 words

Market Share Of The Major Hotels In India

Market Share Of The Major Hotels In India The hospitality industry of india is expected to grow at a rate of 8.8% from 2007-16, placing India the second-fastest growing tourism market in the world. Progress like massive investment in hotel infrastructure and open sky policies which are made by the government are all aimed at propelling growth in the hospitality sector. Hotel and hospitality industries are the biggest employment generators in the country. Towards helping its growth, the government should confer infrastructure status to the hotel industries, several taxation issues also need to be rationalised. Further permits and licenses which are required for the hotel operations needs to be rationalised by offering a single window mechanism. The hotel industry is divided into 4 categories: Large hotels Medium hotels Resort hotels Small hotels MARKET SHARE OF THE MAJOR HOTELS IN INDIA: TIE -UPS OF INDIAN HOTELS WITH INTERNATIONAL HOTELS: Most players, exempting of IHCL and EIH, have entered into marketing Tie-up with major international hotel chains. Thus we have Hyatt Regency which are tied up with AHL, Leela tied up with Kempinski and ITCH having a franchisee agreement with ITT Sheraton. For the Indian hotel owners and international hotel chains the benefit is mutual, Tie-up with an international hotel chain will put the hotel on the global map. Associations with international brand play a major role in image building and attracting foreign tourists. However value of the international brand will get diluted if a foreign entity enters an agreement with several Indian companies. MARKET SHARE OF TARIFF PLANS BY DIFFERENT HOTELS Luxury hotels operate under single tariff structure whereby the foreign tourists are charged in dollar terms whereas the domestic guest is charged the equivalent amount in rupees. The luxury hotels earn about two-thirds of their revenue from foreign tourists. Leisure travellers constitute approximately 76.5% of the total tourist arrivals whereas business travellers constitute 21% of the total arrivals. The remainder is accounted by students. Hotels benefit from rupee depreciation as over 60% of revenues in the luxury hotel Segment is in foreign currencies. Thus any depreciation of the rupee goes directly to the bottom line (FOREX income is also fully tax exempt), as none of the costs are directly linked to the exchange rate. The hotel debt environment is also improving. While many countries are hampered by a still sluggish economy, those with a low interest rate environment with relatively stable-banking conditions will provide opportunities for hotel investors to raise capital. For hotel lenders, from a risk/return basis, there has never been a better time to provide new capital to this industry in India. CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS ECONOMY The hotel and restaurant industry of India was Rs. 658.89 billion during 2007-08. Travel Tourism Industry of India was valued at US$35.73 billion in 2007, contributing 3.56% to Indias GDP. The number of foreign tourists arriving to India reached 5.08 million compared with 4.45 million in the year 2006, showing growth of 14.16%. Indias share in international tourist arrivals at global level gradually improved from 0.46% in 2004 to 0.49% in 2005 and further to 0.52% in 2006 and 0.56% in 2007. The number of domestic tourists in India was 526.57 million compared with 461.76 Million in 2006, showing growth of 14.03%. There are 1,437 hotels approved and Classified by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, with a total capacity of 84,327 hotel rooms as on December 31, 2007. Indian hotel industry is currently adding about 60,000 quality rooms, which are expected to be ready by 2012. INTERNATIONAL TOURIST CONTRIBUTION IN INDIA The foreign tourist arrivals in India increased at CAGR of 5.5per cent from 2.29 Million in 1996 to 3.92 million in 2005. Significantly, the bulk of international arrivals into India, both in 2004 and 2005, have been business travellers. Main reason for this increase has been following fundamental factors: Indias strong GDP growth. Opening of sectors of the economy to private sector/ foreign investment. Strengthening of ties with the developed world. Reforms in aviation sector which led to better connectivity with many countries (such as ASEAN) and created additional capacity on existing routes (for e.g. USA, Middle East). Also, introduction of low cost airlines also contributed to the demand. The increase in International flights, seat capacity and frequency into the country and the decision to allow private airlines like Jet Airways and Air Sahara to fly overseas has had a positive impact on tourist and business arrivals into India, by way of providing additional seats. 3.1.2 NATURE OF COMPETITION: It is the most competitive market .Business travelers drive over 70 per cent of the Indian hospitality business and the race to accommodate them, and do it well, is hotting up. But with current demand outstripping supply, hotels in the big cities have managed to up their rates to match those in Paris and London. The major competition comes from the other companies in the same sector .so the rivals are to be found and make their primary and secondary strategies which makes the company competitive in the market. There are also pricing strategies which play fewer roles in competitive market and should think of the non pricing strategies which can be more competitive in the market. The pricing of a hotel like this one is done on system called rate of the day based on demand. As the rooms get taken the price goes up and on a busy day a room like this one in Mumbai or Delhi will cost as much as you would have to pay for one in Paris or London. Adding more facilities to the five star rated hotels like Wi-Fi, spas, gyms, online booking etc. to maintain their guest loyalties which give competitive advantage to its company. To become competitive in the market the flexible pricing is the key. Some suggested steps to realign rates and segments to the changed market place; gain control of business; and increase profitability are: Create an online booking presence. Ensure that the hotels online booking engine is part of the hotels web site, and controlled by the hotel, not by a third party or GDS-based system. Ensure that the online booking engine is the best and accomplishes the hotels goals. Ensure that the online booking engine is easy to use from a customers perspective. Expertly create and maintain an online distribution and maximization strategy to ensure the hotels visibility. Promote and ensure that the lowest published rates are on the hotels own web site, to promote customer loyalty, as done with the airlines. Establish a new market segmentation model, for greater control of the business. Eliminate RACK RATE and replace with SELL RATE, defined as Rack, Promotional, Consortia, and any other customer not affiliated with any discount. A simplified sample version is: Sell Rate Corporate Rate Group Rate Weekend Rate Establish the Sell Rate based on anticipated demand patterns, after the core business and group blocks are factored in. The rate fluctuates on a daily basis. Set rates in all market segments within the range of your competitive set to establish positioning. TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS: A Tata company shall fully strive for the establishment and support of a competitive, open market economy in India and abroad, and shall cooperate in efforts to promote the progressive and judicious liberalisation of trade and investment by a country. Specifically, a Tata company shall not engage in activities that generate or support the formation of monopolies, dominant market positions, cartels and similar unfair trade practices. A Tata company shall market its products and services on its own merits and shall not make unfair and misleading statements about competitors products and services. Any collection of competitive information shall be made only in the normal course of business and shall be obtained only through legally permitted sources and means. Direct Competitors: Oberoi Hotels Oriental Hotels ITC Welcomgroup Hotel Leela etc. Potential Target market : The upper class of the society is targeted. i.e. the richer people in the society. Their fares or tariffs are high as the luxuries provided by them are also standard and 5-star. Thus, this is in context to the Indian branches of Taj Hotels. OBEROI GROUP OF HOTELS (EAST INDIA HOTELS LTD.): Team Street is out with an investment idea that could help the portfolio in the current market conditions. The recent correction in the market has been sharp as the benchmark index or the Sensex has given up more than 7 percent from a recent high of 21,108. OBEROI PROPERTIES RECOGNITION INTERNATIONALLY: The Oberoi Vanyavilas, Ranthambore Rated the 2nd best resort in Asia Rated the 2nd best hotel in the World The Oberoi Udaivilas, Udaipur Rated the best hotel in Asia Rated 4th best hotel in the World The Oberoi Amarvilas. Agra Rated the 2nd best hotel in Asia Rated the 8th best hotel in the World The Oberoi Rajvilas, Jaipur Rated the 5th best hotel in Asia Rated amongst the top 25 hotels in the World Wildflower Hall, Shimla in the Himalayas Rated the 5th best resort in Asia The Oberoi Rajvilas, Jaipur Rated No.1 hotel in Asia Rated 2nd best hotel in the World The Oberoi Udaivilas, Udaipur Rated No. 2 hotel in Asia Rated 4th best hotel in the World The Oberoi Amarvilas. Agra Rated No. 3 hotel in Asia Rated 6th best hotel in the World 3.1.3 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS: 1. Natural and cultural diversity: India has a rich cultural heritage. The unity in diversity tag attracts most tourists. The coastlines, sunny beaches, backwaters of Kerala, snow capped Himalayas and the quiescent lakes are incredible. 2. Demand-supply gap: Indian hotel industry is facing a mismatch between the demand and supply of rooms leading to higher room rates and occupancy levels. With the privilege of hosting Commonwealth Games 2010 there is more demand of rooms in five star hotels. This has led to the rapid expansion of the sector. 3. Government support: The government has realized the importance of tourism and has proposed a budget of Rs. 540 crore for the development of the industry. The priority is being given to the development of the infrastructure and of new tourist destinations and circuits. The Department of Tourism (DOT) has already started the Incredible India campaign for the promotion of tourism in India. 4. Increase in the market share: Indias share in international tourism and hospitality market is expected to increase over the long-term. New budget and star hotels are being established. Moreover, foreign hospitality players are heading towards Indian markets. WEAKNESSES: 1.Poor support infrastructure: Though the government is taking necessary steps, many more things need to be done to improve the infrastructure. In 2003, the total expenditure made in this regard was US $150 billion in China compared to US$ 21 billion in India. 2. Slow implementation: The lack of adequate recognition for the tourism industry has been hampering its growth prospects. Whatever steps are being taken by the government are implemented at a slower pace. 3. Susceptible to political events: The internal security scenario and social unrest also hamper the foreign tourist arrival rates. OPPORTUNITIES: 1.Rising income: Owing to the rise in income levels, Indians have more spare money to spend, which is expected to enhance leisure tourism. 2. Open sky benefits: With the open sky policy, the travel and tourism industry has seen an increase in business. Increased airline activity has stimulated demand and has helped improve the infrastructure. It has benefited both international and domestic travels. THREATS: 1. Fluctuations in international tourist arrivals: The total dependency on foreign tourists can be risky, as there are wide fluctuations in international tourism. Domestic tourism needs to be given equal importance and measures should be taken to promote it. 2. Increasing competition: Several international majors like the Four Seasons, Shangri-La and Aman Resorts are entering the Indian markets. Two other groups the Carlson Group and the Marriott chain are also looking forward to join this race. This will increase the competition for the existing Indian hotel majors. CHALLENGES FOR HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY 1. Shortage of skilled employees: One of the greatest challenges plaguing the hospitality industry is the unavailability of quality workforce in different skill levels. The hospitality industry has failed to retain good professionals. 2. Retaining quality workforce: Retention of the workforce through training and development in the hotel industry is a problem and attrition levels are too high. One of the reasons for this is unattractive wage packages. Though there is boom in the service sector, most of the hotel management graduates are joining other sectors like retail and aviation. 3. Shortage of rooms: The hotel industry is facing heavy shortage of rooms. It is estimated that the current requirement is of 1,50,000 rooms. Though the new investment plan would add 53,000 rooms by 2011, the shortage will still persist. 4. Intense competition and image of India: The industry is witnessing heightened competition with the arrival of new players, new products and new systems. The competition from neighboring countries and negative perceptions about Indian tourism product constrains the growth of tourism. The image of India as a country overrun by poverty, political instability, safety concerns and diseases also harms the tourism industry. 5. Customer expectations: As India is emerging as a destination on the global travel map, expectations of customers are rising. The companies have to focus on customer loyalty and repeat purchases. 6. Manual back-end: Though most reputed chains have IT enabled systems for property management, reservations, etc., almost all the data which actually make the company work are filled in manual log books or are simply not tracked. 7. Human resource development: Some of the services required in the tourism and hotel industries are highly personalized, and no amount of automation can substitute for personal service providers. India is focusing more on white collar jobs than blue collar jobs. The shortage of blue collar employees will pose various threats to the industry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MAJOR HOTELS: TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS: Strengths: The group has enormous power and strengths, which makes it the best and competitive, some of them are: It consists of 75 properties in 40 locations across India and 18 international hotels. Its stylish variety of hotels like; Taj exotica, Taj safari, The gateway hotels, Ginger hotels, Jivas spa etc. Its effective and efficient management techniques and staff. Its brand name. The presence of Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces in various countries like United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Dubai, Singapore, Australia, Japan, Russia and the United States of America. Securing management contracts at Palm Island, Jumeirah in Dubai, Saraya Islands in Ras Al Khaimah, Aldar Group in Abu Dhabi, UAE Langkawi in Malaysia and Thimpu in Bhutan. The various initiatives taken like; rollout of Customer Feedback System, Tata Business Excellence Model, IT initiatives, Ginger hotels etc. Weakness: Taj hotels being such a big brand, has a lot of advantages but every big company faces some odds and so does Taj. Some of its weakness; Its hard to maintain such a huge chain of subsidiaries and there are more chances of mishaps in management. Its huge competitors like Oberoi, Leela, Oriental, ITC etc are also providing same facilities and thus it becomes a weakness for Taj hotels. Its very costly for the Indians to afford the tariffs and service charges set by Taj hotels. Thus, they loose a major part of their market share. They need a lot of investment. As Taj hotels is a popular group, it is always in the eyes of the terrorists, as taj has already faced such an incident. Therefore, it proves to be a weakness some times, to be so popular. Opportunities: The Group is poised strategically to take advantage of the following situation: In the backdrop of a healthy economy having its positive fallouts on the Tourism Sector leading to rapid growth in markets in India, South Asia and key gateway cities in source-market destinations. Rapid expansion in both International and Domestic destinations, with top-of-the-line Luxury, Leisure and Business properties. Meeting growing demand in the budget and mid-market segments. Extending the product portfolio into related offerings viz. luxury residences, wildlife lodges and health spas. Threats: The threats identified by the Group are related mainly to the markets in which the Group operates and general factors related to the tourism industry. Significant among these are: Cheaper international airfares, increasing affordability of travel to International destinations, especially South East Asia, Europe and Australia. Growing presence of international hospitality chains competing in the Luxury and Business segments, to meet excess demand situation. Appreciating Indian Rupee vis-Ã  -vis the US Dollar, resulting in lower realisation on foreign exchange earnings. Slowdown of international demand resulting in reduction of revenues. OBEROI GROUP OF HOTELS: Strengths: Cost advantage Asset leverage Effective communication High RD Innovation Online growth Loyal customers Market share leadership Strong management team Strong brand equity Weaknesses: Bad communication Diseconomies to scale Over leveraged financial position Low RD Low market share No online presence Not innovative Not diversified Poor supply chain Weak management team Weak real estate Opportunities: Acquisitions Asset leverage Financial markets (raise money through debt, etc) Emerging markets and expansion abroad Innovation Online Product and services expansion Takeovers Threats: Competition Cheaper technology Economic slowdown External changes (government, politics, taxes, etc) Exchange rate fluctuations Lower cost competitors or imports Maturing categories, products, or services Price wars ITDC: STRENGTHS: One of the oldest five star hotels in India preferred by a vast number of tourists as well as localites. Amenities provided are state of the art and of very high quality. Staff is known to be very hospitable and supportive of their guests. Has the largest conference hall in India and hence its the most preferred conference hall for most of the important conferences held in India. Provides Privilege Card for their frequent guests which lure more number of people to become their regular customers. It has New Delhis most magnificent Banquet venue. The architecture is still considered as a benchmark to most of the buildings that are created today. WEAKNESSES: Prices are higher than other five star hotels in New Delhi. There have not been many changes in the building since the time that it has been set up. According to the guests the walls are dirty and the hallways are not maintained well which makes many of them think twice about coming back there. It is quite far away (15kms) from the international airport because of which many guest opt for hotels closer for their own convenience. They seem to rely on their past laurels and are not taking any new initiatives to satisfy their customers. 3.2 DEMOGRAPHICS OF BUYERS- MARKET SEGMENTATION: CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS: Classification is based on many criteria and classifying hotels into different types is not an easy task. The hotel industry is so vast that many hotels do not fit into single well defined category. Industry can be classified in various ways, based on location, size of property etc. The main hotel chains of India are: The Taj Group of Hotels, the Oberoi Group and ITC Welcome group. Some of the international chains are Hyatt, Marriott, and Le Meridian etc. these properties have also come up in India now. 1. Based on Location City center: Generally located in the heart of city within a short distance from business centre, shopping arcade. Rates are normally high due to their location advantages. They have high traffic on weekdays and the occupancy is generally high. Motels: They are located primarily on highways, they provide lodging to highway travellers and also provide ample parking space. The length of stay is usually overnight. Suburban hotels: They are located in suburban areas, it generally have high traffic on weekend. It is ideal for budget travellers. In this type of hotel rates are moderately low. Airport hotels: These hotels are set up near by the airport. They have transit guest who stay over between flights. Resort hotels: They are also termed as health resort or beach hill resort and so depending on their position and location. They cater a person who wants to relax, enjoy themselves at hill station. Most resort work to full capacity during peak season. Sales and revenue fluctuate from season to season. Floating hotels: As name implies these hotels are established on luxury liners or ship. It is located on river, sea or big lakes. In cruise ships, rooms are generally small and all furniture is fixed down. It has long stay guest. Boatels: A house boat hotels is referred as boatels. The SHIKARAS of Kashmir and KETTUVALLAM of Kerala are houseboats in India which offers luxurious accommodation to travelers. Rotels: These novel variants are hotel on wheel. Our very own palace on wheels and Deccan Odessey are trains providing a luxurious hotel atmosphere. Their interior is done like hotel room. They are normally used by small group of travelers. 2. Based on Size of Property Small hotel: hotel with 100 rooms and less may be termed as small hotels. Medium sized hotel: hotel which has 100-300 rooms is known as medium sized hotel. Large hotels: hotel which have more than 300 rooms are termed as large hotels. Mega hotels: are those hotels with more than 1000 rooms. Chain hotels: these are the groups that have hotels in much number of locations in India and international venues. 3. Based on the Level of Service Economy/ Budget hotels: These hotels meet the basic need of the guest by providing comfortable and clean room for a comfortable stay. Mid market hotels: It is suite hotel that offers small living room with appropriate furniture and small bed room with king sized bed. Luxury hotels: These offer world class service providing restaurant and lounges, concierge service, meeting rooms, dining facilities. Bath linen is provided to the guest and is replaced accordingly. These guest rooms contains furnishing, artwork etc. prime market for these hotels are celebrities, business executives and high ranking political figures. Example: Hyatt Regency, New Delhi. 4. Based on the Length of Stay Transient Hotel: These are the hotel where guest stays for a day or even less, they are usually five star hotels. The occupancy rate is usually very high. These hotels are situated near airport. Residential hotels: These are the hotel where guest can stay for a minimum period of one month and up to a year. The rent can be paid on monthly or quarterly basis. They provide sitting room, bed room and kitchenette. Semi residential hotels: These hotels incorporate features of both transient and residential hotel. 5. Based on Theme Heritage hotel: In this hotel a guest is graciously welcomed, offered room that have their own history, serve traditional cuisine and are entertained by folk artist. These hotels put their best efforts to give the glimpse of their region. Example: Jai Mahal palace in Jaipur. Ecotels: these are environment friendly hotels these hotel use eco friendly items in the room. Example: Orchid Mumbai is Asia first and most popular five star Ecotels. Boutique hotels: This hotel provides exceptional accommodation, furniture in a themed and stylish manner and caters to corporate travelers. Example: In India the park Bangalore is a boutique hotel. Spas: is a resort which provide therapeutic bath and massage along with other features of luxury hotels in India Ananda spa in Himalaya are the most popular Spa. 6. Based on Target Market Commercial hotel: They are situated in the heart of the city in busy commercial areas so as to get good and high business. They cater mostly businessmen. Convention hotels: These hotels have large convention complex and cater to people attending a convention, conference. Example: Le meridien, Cochin, is a hotel with largest convention center in south India. Resort hotels: These leisure hotels are mainly for vacationers who want to relax and enjoy with their family. The occupancy varies as per season. The atmosphere is more relaxed. These are spread out in vast areas so many resorts have solar powered carts for the transport of guest. Suite hotels: These hotel offer rooms that may include compact kitchenette. They cater to people who are relocating act as like lawyers, executives who are away from home for a long business stay. Casino hotels: Hotel with predominantly gambling facilities comes under this category, they have guest room and food and operation too. These hotels tend to cater leisure and vacation travelers. Gambling activities at some casino hotels operate 24 hours a day and 365 days. Todays ways of booking make it difficult to identify the purpose of the trip. Segment by default the individual bookings for short midweek stays as business. Identify as leisure the booking of a double room over the week-end. As the new technology was developing, corporate travel departments, as well as the independent consumer, turned to travel agents to get the best discounts. As the GDS technology influenced booking and buying practices, additional segments were created, resulting in the following market segment model: Rack Rates: Without any affiliations to warrant discounts, the Rack Rated customer paid the published rate, which was the highest rate. Consortia Rates: This was the same customer who booked through a travel agent using the GDS and received a 5%-10% discount off Rack Rates. Corporate Rates: Having met the hotels qualifying criteria, such as volume, businesses were guaranteed discounted rates. Group Rates: With a block of rooms, rates varied based on time of year and the nature of the group. Weekend Rates: Individual leisure travelers, usually within a drive distance to the hotel. Promotional rates: These rates were originally used sparingly and used as a means to stimulate business by using discounted rates to anyone, regardless of affiliation. Domestic Consumer is the largest segment of the hotels motels industry in India accounting for 52.9% of the industrys total value. The domestic business segment accounts for a further 24.4% of the industry.

Character of Touchstone in Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The Character of Touchstone in As You Like It As You Like It features, like so many of Shakespeare's plays, a professional clown, Touchstone, and it's worth paying some attention to his role for what it contributes towards establishing and maintaining the upbeat comic spirit of the play. For the jester is the constant commentator on what is going on. His humour, pointed or otherwise, thus inevitably contributes to the audience's awareness of what is happening, and the way in which other characters treat him is often a key indicator of their sensibilities. Touchstone is one of the gentlest and happiest clowns in all of Shakespeare. He comments on the action, makes jokes at other people's expense, and offers ironic insights about their situation. But throughout As You Like It, such traditional roles of the fool are offered and taken with a generosity of spirit so that his remarks never shake the firm comic energies of the play. When he ridicules Orlando's verses, Rosalind laughs along with him. When he points out to Corin (in 3.2) that the shepherd must be damned for never having lived at court, Corin takes it as good natured jesting (which it is). When Touchstone takes Audrey away from her rural swain, William, there are apparently no hard feelings (although much here depends on the staging). In this play, the professional jester participates in and contributes to a style of social interaction which is unqualified by any more sober and serious reflections. This makes Touchstone very different from the bitter fool of King Le ar or from the most complex fool of all, the sad Feste of Twelfth Night , both of whom offer comments that cast either a shrewd, melancholy, or bitter irony on the proceedings. Touchstone himself becomes the target of much humour by his immediate attraction to Audrey, the "foul" country lass. There is something richly comic here, seeing the staunch apologist for the sophisticated life of the court fall so quickly to his animal lust. But the satire here is very good humoured. Touchstone himself acknowledges the frailty of his vows and does not attempt to deceive anyone about his intentions.

Ambition in Rosemary Wells When No One Was Looking :: When No One Was Looking

Ambition in Rosemary Well's When No One Was Looking      When No One Was Looking is a suspenseful story of a girl's ambition, friendship, and love of tennis, that takes her to the top. Although she is not beautiful, rich, or good in school, fourteen year old Kathy Bardy has a natural talent for tennis. One day, Kathy loses a match against Ruth Gumm that should have been simple for her. The next day Kathy finds out that Ruth is dead. Although Julia, Oliver, and Kathy's parents try to comfort her, Kathy feels guilty for wishing Ruth was dead the other night. Because of Ruth's death, Kathy has problems concentrating, and she starts lazing off. Kathy's will, spirit, and love from her friends takes her to the New England championships. Kathy loves tennis. She finally finds something that she is good at, and practically makes her into a celebrity. Kathy is told by many people, including Marty her tennis instructor, that she has got what it takes to make it to the top. When Kathy plays against Ruth, she becomes annoyed because it should have been a simple match. When she finds out ruth is dead, people accuse Kathy of it, and kathy even blames herself. Kathy proves she was at the ball game the night of the murder. She regains her confidence, and works her way up to the top. Julia and Kathy have been best friends since they were in first grade. Because of Julia's wealth, she is different, and is treated just that way. Kathy would defend her when she used to get picked on. Since then, Kathy and Julia are inseparable. They have such a good relationship, that they would do anything to stop the other from getting hurt. Ruth Gumm has no special talent when it comes to tennis, she is just okay at the sport. When Kathy competes with her, she expects it will be a snap, but she actually loses. Annoyed by the match, Kathy wishes Ruth was dead. The next day, she finds out Ruth was drowned in the pool. Some suspect Kathy of the murder, and because of some clay (that appeared to be from a tennis court)found on the floor surrounding th e pool, investigations are done. It turns out the clay is molding clay, and Kathy proves she was at the game.

Ready :: essays research papers

The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923 Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswana's first president: Seretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa. Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfather. Seretse's mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been chosen by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-year old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him. The lonely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort Hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London. In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer. Ready :: essays research papers The Good King of Bechuanaland 1819 to 1923 Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. Khama distinguished his reign by being highly regarded as a peace-loving ruler with the desire and ability to extract technological innovations from Europeans while resisting their attempts to colonize his country. Such advancements included the building of schools, scientific cattle feeding, and the introduction of a mounted police corps, which practically eliminated all forms of crime. Respect for Khama was exemplified during a visit with Queen Victoria of England to protest English settlement in Bechuanaland in 1875. The English honored Khama and confirmed his appeal for continued freedom for Bechuanaland. A brief biography of Sir Seretse Khama, Botswana's first president: Seretse Khama (1921-80), founding President of Botswana, 1966-80. He inherited an impoverished and internationally obscure state from British rule, and left an increasingly democratic and prosperous country with a significant role in Southern Africa. Seretse Khama was born on 1 July 1921 at Serowe in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland. He was was the son of Sekgoma Khama, and the grandson of the internationally famous Kgosi Khama III (c.1835-1923), ruler of the Bangwato people of central Botswana. He was named Seretse-the clay that binds together-because of the recent reconciliation between his father and grandfather. Seretse's mother, Tebogo Kebailele, had been chosen by Khama to be the new wife of the ageing Sekgoma. When Sekgoma died in 1925, four-year old Seretse was proclaimed Kgosi. His uncle Tshekedi Khama became regent and later sole guardian for him. The lonely and often sickly child was sent to boarding schools in South Africa, but developed into a healthy and gregarious adolescent sportsman. He attended Fort Hare University College and graduated with a general BA degree in 1944. In August 1945 he was sent to England for a legal education. After a year at Balliol College, Oxford, he enrolled for barrister studies at the Inner Temple, London. In 1947 Seretse Khama met an English woman of his age, Ruth Williams, daughter of a retired army officer.

Contribution of Enterprise Systems Essay

What are enterprise systems? Provide examples of organizational functions supported by enterprise systems. One person wanted something that another person had, so they found a way to trade one thing for another. Right there, we can see the benefits of such a system. Each person involved had gotten involved out of free choice rather than being forced into it. And because each person was not forced into it, each was able to make the best choice that he could, and learn from any mistakes that he may have made. Enterprise systems (ES) are large-scale application software packages that support business processes, information flows, reporting, and data analytics in complex organizations. These systems are designed to manage large volumes of critical data. These systems are typically designed to provide high levels of transaction performance and data security. Vendors in this space include IBM, Oracle, HP and more. How does effectively implementing and using enterprise systems contribute to achieving operational excellence? Enterprise systems provide value both by increasing operational efficiency and by providing firm wide information to help managers make better decisions. Enterprise systems also help firms respond rapidly to customer requests for information or products. Because the system integrates order, manufacturing, and delivery data, manufacturing is better informed about producing only what customers have ordered, procuring exactly the right amount of components or raw materials to fill actual orders, staging production, and minimizing the time that components or finished products are in inventory. Organizations need to use enterprising systems effectively to achieve operational excellence. The enterprise systems need to be designed and setup correctly from the beginning. If the enterprise software does not support the organizations’ way of doing business it can be customize. However, enterprise software is complex and customization may degrade system performance and therefore may not maximize the benefits from the system. It is recommended to maximize benefits from the software, the business need to conform to the business processes in the software. What challenges are posed by enterprise applications? Enterprise applications is software that various businesses use in order to help solve certain enterprise problems or to streamline business operations. Things like email lists, payroll, client information, and so on are stored in enterprise applications. Because the software is used and shared across a large organization, one of the drawbacks of an enterprise application may have to do with the safety of the information that is stored. Some benefits of enterprise systems are increased business efficiency, information company-wide helps management make better decisions, and it forces uniformed practices throughout the businesses. However, there are some challenges to an enterprise system. The expenses of purchasing, installing and maintaining the hardware and software of an enterprise system are considered challenging. Systems are more complex today than before. Before most systems consist of hardware, operating system, database and storage application easily connected together in one system. Today a system configuration can consist of several separate mini systems with many separate storage area network, networking equipment.

Perception of Women in the Renaissance

Perception of Women in the Renaissance Perception is the point of view a person or groups of people have towards a specific idea or thought. Throughout the Renaissance, many discoveries, improvements, and realizations were made in art and literature. However, these changes did not impact the image of a woman in the Renaissance. Such as the four most important Renaissance artists depictions of women. Those artists were Leonardo, Donated, Raphael, and Michelangelo (yes these are also the popular cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, no they are not prevalent in any way shape or form other than name).In literature, poets such as Christopher Marlowe, Machiavelli, and mainly William Shakespeare discuss holy or spiritual and have mixed opinions of women (Elegance). Advancements made in that timestamp set the stage for the world in future eras to come. In addition this poses an important yet also controversial perception of the Renaissance; this perception is how successful was the Renaissa nce for women? In the Renaissance, artists' opinions had mixed results but changed frequently.Some drew and sculpted women nude to show a sense of hubris whereas others portrayed them as overweight to show shame but at the same time it could also stand for artillery because producing a child was very important at the time. Another statement made was when the political systems of Europe changed from the medieval feudal systems to a more modern-day government system, women of every social class saw a change in their social and political options that men did not.Celibacy did become the female norm and â€Å"the relations of the sexes were restructured to one of female dependency and male Package 2 domination† (Kelly 20). Women lived a more insubordinate or inferior lifestyle. Men ruled over everything, even through half a century of Queens. This perceives that omen were inferior and did achieve in the Renaissance, Just not as much as men. The Renaissance presented people with ri ch literature that paved the literary cobblestones into the environmentally sound asphalt streets used today.In literature at the time, women were viewed as the inferior gender and had roles in civilization such as; housekeeping, caring for the youth as well as sexual pleasures to men. Women's roles were limited in Renaissance life to a point where they were excluded from a leading role in public life (Women). They were not permitted to act in any of Shakespearean plays. In the event a woman character needed to be filled, a man would suffice as women were â€Å"incapable. † Famed and revered playwright William Shakespeare was noted for the writing of Macbeth, a seventeenth century play dedicated to King James.In this play , Shakespeare writes of Macbeth and his Jewell- Hyde like transformation from noble thane to bloody murderer. While the plot revolves around Macbeth and his notorious actions throughout; the attention is turned numerous times to his wife, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is depicted by Shakespeare as an honest, good woman, but as the story moves forward she is rover to be the exact opposite of the stereotypical woman in the Renaissance era. She is well educated, serves a purpose in the household other than basic housekeeping and can openly critique her spouse.While in virtually all other homes that would be condoned as an extreme display of disrespect. Lady Macbeth is different from the average Renaissance woman in the sense that she is nobility. Shakespearean perception of Lady Macbeth creates a loophole in the statement that royalty can rise Package 3 above the commoners. However, an entire nation cannot be considered royalty or the title has no meaning. Therefore, the perception that the majority of women had a substantially less successful Renaissance then their male counterparts stands accurate.Explained in the poetry of the Renaissance, poets such as Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh talk of the full lives they have ahead of t hem. Within the text, they mention the women they desire and to an extent they assume the women will willingly accept their hand and be happy. While the men are surprised in each incident at the responses they receive, it indicates their opinions towards women in the era, which is that they are superior and that women should Just do as hey wish and say no more.While the tone might seem positive, the peripheral message being sent was that men were superior and it supplements to the fact that women were not as successful or benefiting from the Renaissance. In conclusion, the artistic expression and political challenges show the opinions of women in the period. The literature explains that men were superior and that women were not as able as men were. Women were looked at as second-class citizens through the eyes of poets and playwrights in the era. With the exception of nobility which was a very mall portion of the female population.

Eating Disorders Essay

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the three main types of eating disorders. Central Idea: To inform my audience about anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Introduction: Two years ago, I was hit with the news that my mentor was leaving to go to Remuda Ranch, which I learned was a rehabilitation center for women struggling with eating or anxiety disorders. This was extremely hard for me to hear because she is like my big sister and I care a lot about her and hated that she had to go through something like this. After she left, I did a lot of research on eating disorders. I did this just so I would have a better understanding on what she was going through, and also to find out how I could help her, things I could say or do. So today I am going to share with you about three different types of eating disorders. Body: (Transition: First, I am going to talk about Anorexia Nervosa.) I. According to the National Eating Disorder Association, they define anorexia by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. A. Anorexia is a mental health condition and is rated one of the highest death rates. 1. Anorexia is one of the more frequent psychiatric diagnoses in young women. 2. Around 90-95% of individuals who suffer from anorexia are female. 3. Anywhere from 5-20% of people who suffer from anorexia will die. B. Although those who fight anorexia have a list of different symptoms, there are four key ones to look for. 1. They refuse to maintain body weight at a minimal normal weight that is healthy for their body shape, age, and height. 2. The second one is that they have a deep fear of weight gain. 3. Also, they have a severe concern with their body weight and shape. 4. Finally, in women, a loss of menstrual periods will occur. (Transition:  Next, I am going to talk about Bulimia.) II. Based off of the website, nationaleatingdisorder.com, Bulimia is a disorder where a person indulges in habitual binges and then tries to avert any sort of weight gain by vomiting, taking pills, fasting, laxatives, or excessive exercising. A. Bulimia is extremely dangerous because it is one of the harder eating disorders to detect in individuals. 1. More commonly, it is preceded by dieting behavior. 2. Those who are bulimic are usually at an average or normal weight. B. Sufferers of bulimia compare their self-worth too heavily on their size and weight. 1. This mindset usually leads to constant feelings of isolation, harmful thoughts, and extreme low self-esteem. 2. Another thing is that more often than not, they recognize that their behaviors and actions are not normal, which sets in an extra feeling of guilt and loneliness. C. Again, there are a ton of symptoms that follow up with having bulimia, but there are four main ones that usually reside in most bulimics. 1. Bulimics repeatedly go through the cycle of bingeing and purging. 2. When they binge, they eat way beyond the feeling of being comfortably full. 3. Most times, bingeing will cause them to feel guilty which points them in the direction of dieting. 4. Last thing is again, they have extreme concern with their body and weight, in other words really low self-esteem and insecurity issues. (Transition: Finally, I am going to end with Binge eating.) III. Binge eating, also known as compulsive eating, a lot of the time gets confused with Bulimia. Although they are a lot alike, they have one major difference that sets them apart. People who endure binge eating do not purge. A. Binge eating is defined by uncontrollable, excessive eating. 1. Binge eaters often use food to replace a void, in other words, they use it as a way to block out feelings, emotions, and daily stresses. 2. After a binge, the person feels a enormous amount of guilt and shame. 3. Following the feelings of guilt and shame often leads to fasts and dieting. B. A binge eating disorder isn’t caused by just one factor, but many. A couple examples of these factors could be a person’s genetics, life experiences, and emotions. 1. Recent research has shown that binge eating, along with other eating disorders, is dealing with  biological abnormalities. The website www.mirror-mirro.com, says that one cause of binge eating is related to the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain that controls the appetite. It is said that the hypothalamus sends false signals to the brain in regards to hunger. 2. A lot of the time, emotional feelings of depression, is connected to binge eating. Statistics show that half of those struggling with binge eating are depressed or have been, usually dealing with a monumental moment which changed their life. 3. Life changing experiences, like being sexually or emotionally abused, are a huge factor in anyone’s life who suffers from any kind of an eating disorder. Family plays a huge role, whether being extremely critical, especially regarding the body, can lead to being a victim of an eating disorder later in life. IV. Conclusion Whether it be anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating, eight million people in the United States alone, battle with an eating disorder. This number is disturbingly high and continues to increase each year. Although all different: anorexics fight starvation, bulimics wrestle with bingeing and purging, and binge eaters battle with bingeing and fasting. It is important to realize that eating disorders aren’t all about poor self-images and low self esteem, but dealing with many other factors like genetic make-up and the need for control. Works Cited Eating Disorder Information; Bulimia, Anorexia, Binge/Purge & Compulsive Overeating. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. . National Eating Disorders Association. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. . National Eating Disorders Association. Web. 01 Oct. 2010. .

Example: Economics

Importance Of Economics Everyone is a part of economy and everyone uses the rules of economy too. From the time we are born, we become consumers of various products and services (say, medical services, baby foods, and so on). We grow and diversify to attain various different roles as producers, traders, mediators and agents. Today’s world is that of â€Å"economic imperialism†, where economical factors, most importantly, money dictates all the elements of the society, not to forget close family relations. With recession wreaking havoc, economics is something which even ignorant households are learning.Economics is a science which deals with production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Therefore, we can conclude that whatever involves â€Å"transfer of money† includes â€Å"economics†. There are two schools of economics, namely, microeconomics and macroeconomics. The combined results of these two determine the actual effect of economics o n people. To list all the important functions of economics would be literary impossible as newer issues keep creeping up. In the following lines, we have described some broad and basic functions of economics. Significance Of Economics Optimizes Resource UsageIn today’s world, the amount of resources available to us is reducing each day. This condition will only worsen, if we keep using our resources with low efficiency and effectiveness. Economics provides a mechanism for looking at possible ways to optimize resource utilization and reduce wastages. Utilizes the â€Å"Opportunity Cost† This is another principle used for resources in which the scarce resources are utilized efficiently, after calculating and checking the opportunity cost. A simple theory of exclusion is put into play. If you choose something over another thing, then what loss you sustain is the opportunity  cost.If we minimize the opportunity cost, we get maximum profits. For example, a person who inve sts $10,000 in a stock denies himself the interest that could have been accrued, by leaving the $10,000 in the bank account instead. The opportunity cost of the decision to invest in stock, is the value of the interest. When this principle is used in budget allocations by government, it results in better growth rates. Gains Social Efficiency If a society keeps on putting money into its economy with no profits or loss, then the economy becomes inefficient and so does the society, as it gets dependent on the economy.If the input into an economy is larger than the output, then the society starts disintegrating and falls prey to destructive social evils, like unemployment and poverty. The same is the case if the economy is stagnant. Understanding of economics leads to better planned economy. Also, profitable economic steps introduced largely aid in the society’s overall prosperity. Stabilizes The Overall Economy The stability of an economy is inevitable to any country or society. Only through economically sound practices can we ensure that the economy is stable and growing at the same time.In recent times, when the world’s economy fell, only a few countries were able to sustain their growth rate and prevent severe monetary impacts on their citizens. Understands Individual Economics This is important for the growth of individuals economically. A person needs to understand the economic situations and stipulations present in his own life. He may not need the hardcore subjective understanding of economics, but he definitely needs to understand the economic practices that he must follow to eradicate chances of going broke or bankrupt.Also, understanding of economics helps in using the resources in the best possible way and gaining maximum profit. What is Economics? A Definition of Economics Ever wonder why food costs rise when gas prices spike? Ever question why U. S. politicians worry when other countries talk of going bankrupt? Ever wonder why you canâ €™t get a good interest rate on your savings account? All of these phenomena can be explained through economics. Economics is the study of the production and consumption of goods and the transfer of wealth to produce and obtain those goods.Economics explains how people interact within markets to get what they want or accomplish certain goals. Since economics is a driving force of human interaction, studying it often reveals why people and governments behave in particular ways. There are two main types of economics:  macroeconomics  andmicroeconomics. Microeconomicsfocuses on the actions of individuals and industries, like the dynamics between buyers and sellers, borrowers and lenders. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, takes a much broader view by analyzing the economic activity of an entire country or the international marketplace.A study of economics can describe all aspects of a country’s economy, such as how a country uses its resources, how much time laborers dev ote to work and leisure, the outcome of investing in industries or financial products, the effect of taxes on a population, and why businesses succeed or fail. People who study economics are called economists. Economists seek to answer important questions about how people, industries, and countries can maximize their productivity, create wealth, and maintain financial stability.Because the study of economics encompasses many factors that interact in complex ways, economists have different theories as to how people and governments should behave within markets. Adam Smith, known as the Father of Economics, established the first modern economic theory, called the Classical School, in 1776. Smith believed that people who acted in their own self-interest produced goods and wealth that benefited all of society. He believed that governments should not restrict or interfere in markets because they could regulate themselves and, thereby, produce wealth at maximum efficiency.Classical theory forms the basis of capitalism and is still prominent today. A second theory known as Marxism states that capitalism will eventually fail because factory owners and CEOs exploit labor to generate wealth for themselves. Karl Marx, the theory’s namesake, believed that such exploitation leads to social unrest and class conflict. To ensure social and economic stability, he theorized, laborers should own and control the means of production. While Marxism has been widely rejected in capitalistic societies, its description of capitalism’s flaws remains relevant.A more recent economic theory, the Keynesian School, describes how governments can act within capitalistic economies to promote economic stability. It calls for reduced taxes and increased government spending when the economy becomes stagnant, and increased taxes and reduced spending when the economy becomes overly active. This theory strongly influences U. S. economic policy today. As one can see, economics shapes the world. Through economics, people and countries become wealthy. Because buying and selling are activities vital to survival and success, studying economics can help one understand human thought and behavior.Branches of Economics Economics has two branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics  is the branch of economics that deals with the personal decisions of consumers and entrepreneurs. Its primary concern is to help consumers and investors make their lives better by increasing their earnings and satisfying their needs despite limited resources. Also included in its study are the consumers' decisions on what products to buy and how the cost of commodities is determined. Macroeconomics  deals with the larger aspects of a nation's economy, such as the sectors of agriculture, industry, and service.It aims to (a) speed up the economy's growth rate and increase total production; (b) increase the rate of employment; (c) keep the prices of commodities stable so that they remain affordable; and (d) have sufficient reserves for foreign exchange for importing goods and paying off loans. Economists help in solving problems like unfair wages, rapid population growth, people migration to city centers, high crime incidence, and loss of human resources due to overseas migration. Economic Methodology What is the difference between positive and normative economics?Positive economics  is objective and fact based, while  normative economics  is subjective and value based. Positive economic statements do not have to be correct, but they must be able to be tested and proved or disproved. Normative economic statements are opinion based, so they cannot be proved or disproved. While this distinction seems simple, it is not always easy to differentiate between the positive and the normative. Many widely-accepted statements that people hold as fact are actually value based.For example, the statement, â€Å"government should provide basic healthcare to all citi zens† is a normative economic statement. There is no way to prove whether government â€Å"should† provide healthcare; this statement is based on opinions about the role of government in individuals' lives, the importance of healthcare and who should pay for it. The statement, â€Å"government-provided healthcare increases public expenditures† is a positive economic statement, because it can be proved or disproved by examining healthcare spending data in countries like  Canada  and  Britain  where the government provides healthcare.Disagreements over public policies typically revolve around normative economic statements, and the disagreements persist because neither side can prove that it is correct or that its opponent is incorrect. A clear understanding of the difference between positive and normative economics should lead to better policy making, if policies are made based on facts (positive economics), not opinions (normative economics). Nonetheless, numerous policies on issues ranging from international trade to  welfare  are at least partially based on normative economics.Deduction in Economics Deductive economics starts with a set of axioms about economies and how they work, and relies on these principles to explain individual cases or events. Supply and demand analysis, a staple in any introductory economics course, is an example of deductive reasoning because it involves a set of generally accepted principles about demand and supply. To summarize, deduction in economics starts with a generally accepted principle and proceeds to the specific. Induction in EconomicsInductive reasoning in economics does the reverse of deductive reasoning; namely, it begins with an individual problem or question and proceeds to form a general principle based on the evidence observed in the real world of economic activity. For example, an economist who asks if a government program of public works spending will stimulate a region's economy wi ll proceed to research the issue, collect and analyze data, and based on conclusions, form a general theory about the economic impact of fiscal policies. Classification of economic resources? here are two types of economic resources: a. Property resources b. human resources Human resources  is the set of individuals who make up the  workforce  of an  organization,  business sector  or an  economy. â€Å"Human capital† is sometimes used synonymously with human resources, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view; i. e. , the knowledge the individuals embody and can contribute to an organization. Likewise, other terms sometimes used include â€Å"manpower†, â€Å"talent†, â€Å"labour†/†labor† or simply â€Å"people†. The Four Factors of Production in EconomicsLand Land refers to the natural resources that are available and used in the production of goods. For example, a heavy mining industry could not ex ist without the natural deposits of valuable minerals in the ground, while a thriving farming community would have a hard time surviving with poor soil and no rainfall. Labor Labor refers to the human inputs of work to produce the goods and services. For example, the training required for employees to successfully operate machines to produce cars would be considered as part of labor.In addition, the mental capacity to perform tasks and invent new products is also part of labor. The only human element not included in labor is entrepreneurship. Capital Capital refers to the tools and machines that are required for the production of the product. For example, when making cars, the capital would include the factory and all the machinery in the factory used in making the car. On a farm, the capital would include the tractors, harvesters and other equipment used to grow crops or raise livestock. EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship refers to the economic motivation for an individual to attempt to make a profit from an idea. For example, people may know how to build cars, machines may be available and the land for the factories for sale, but it takes an entrepreneur to put those factors together in an attempt to make a profit. Entrepreneurs put their own resources at stake by personally investing in the company. For example, a business owner is not paid an hourly wage like the people who work for her. Instead, her income depends on the success or failure of the business venture. production possibility curveA graphical  representation  of the alternative  combinations  of the  amounts  of two  goods  or  services  that an  economy  can  produce  by transferring  resources  from one  good  or  service  to the other. This  curve  helps in determining what  quantity  of a nonessential good or a service an economy can  afford  to produce without jeopardizing the  required  production  of an  essential good  or servi ce. Also calledtransformation curve. What are the three basic economic problems? the basic economic problem is the unlimited wants and needs of human which results to scarcity of resources. what are the needs? the needs are the things we must posses in order to survive like food,water, clothing,shelter. while the wants are those things that human would like to have in order to improve there status in life. we limited resources that'a why encounter this problem. the economic resources like land, labor,and capital which are the factors if production are insufficient to satisfy our needs and wants. All 3 problems are more clearly explained using a ppf/ppc: 1) What to produce: This problem is what should the  economy  produce in order to satisfy consumer wants (as seen by demand curves) as best as possible using the limited resources available.If a country produces goods in a way that maximises  consumer satisfaction  then the economy is allocatively efficient. 2) How to produce : This problem is how to combine production inputs to produce the goods decided in problem 1 as most efficiently as possible. An  economy  achieves productive efficiency if it produces goods using the least resources possible. A productively effiecient economy is represented by an economy that is able to produce a combination of goods on the actual curve of the PPF. 3) For whom to produce: Should the economy produce goods targetted towards those who have high incomes or those who have low incomes.What sort of demographic group should the goods in the economy that are produced be targetted towards? If the economy is addresses this problem then it has reached preto efficiency or pareto optimality. If all three problems are addressed at any one time then the economy has achieved static efficiency. If the economy achieves static efficiency over a period of time then it is dynamically efficient. All these problems are focused around the problem of unlimited wants and limited resource s. Where resources are the fators of production (such as labor, capital, technology, land.. ) which are used to produce the products that satisy the wants. conomic system An  organized  way in which a state or  nation  allocates  its  resources  and  apportions  goods and services  in the national  community. Types of Economic Systems â€Å"You can't always get what you want. † That's what the Rolling Stones sang, anyway (check it out: great song even if it's a bit before your time). And while Mick Jagger probably didn't have Econ 101 in mind, he managed to sum up perfectly the core concept underlying all economics. Scarcity  is the fundamental challenge confronting all individuals and nations. We all face limitations†¦ so we all have to make choices.We can't always get what we want. How we deal with these limitations—that is, how we prioritize and allocate our limited income, time, and resources—is the basic economic challenge that has confronted individuals and nations throughout history. But not every nation has addressed this challenge in the same way. Societies have developed different broad economic approaches to manage their resources. Economists generally recognize four basic types of economic systems—traditional, command, market, and mixed—but they don’t completely agree on the question of which system best addresses the challenge of scarcity.A  traditional economic system  is—here's a shocker—shaped by tradition. The work that people do, the goods and services they provide, how they use and exchange resources†¦ all tend to follow long-established patterns. These economic systems are not very dynamic—things don’t change very much. Standards of living are static; individuals don’t enjoy much financial or occupational mobility. But economic behaviors and relationships are predictable. You know what you are supposed to do, who you trade with , and what to expect from others. In many traditional economies, community interests take precedence over the individual.Individuals may be expected to combine their efforts and share equally in the proceeds of their labor. In other traditional economies, some sort of private property is respected, but it is restrained by a strong set of obligations that individuals owe to their community. Today you can find traditional economic systems at work among Australian aborigines and some isolated tribes in the Amazon. In the past, they could be found everywhere—in the feudal agrarian villages of medieval Europe, for example. In a  command economic system  or  planned economy, the government controls the economy.The state decides how to use and distribute resources. The government regulates prices and wages; it may even determine what sorts of work individuals do. Socialism  is a type of command economic system. Historically, the government has assumed varying degrees of cont rol over the economy in socialist countries. In some, only major industries have been subjected to government management; in others, the government has exercised far more extensive control over the economy. The classic (failed) example of a command economy was the communist Soviet Union. The collapse of the communist bloc in the late 1980s led to the emise of many command economies around the world; Cuba continues to hold on to its planned economy even today. In  market economies, economic decisions are made by individuals. The unfettered interaction of individuals and companies in the marketplace determines how resources are allocated and goods are distributed. Individuals choose how to invest their personal resources—what training to pursue, what jobs to take, what goods or services to produce. And individuals decide what to consume. Within a  pure market economy  the government is entirely absent from economic affairs.The United States in the late nineteenth century, at the height of the lassez-faire era, was about as close as we've seen to a pure market economy in modern practice. A  mixed economic system  combines elements of the market and command economy. Many economic decisions are made in the market by individuals. But the government also plays a role in the allocation and distribution of resources. The United States today, like most advanced nations, is a mixed economy. The eternal question for mixed economies is just what the right mix between the public and private sectors of the economy should be. Why It Matters TodayHalf of the twentieth century went down as a global battle between defenders of free markets (democratic capitalist nations, led by the United States) and believers in command economies (the communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union). The US and USSR never went to war against each other directly, but dozens of smaller (yet still tragic and significant) wars unfolded around the world as bitter fights over economic system s turned bloody. Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Angola†¦ millions of people died in the various â€Å"hot† theaters of a Cold War fought to decide whether markets or states should control economic affairs.The great irony was that the Cold War finally ended not on a battlefield, but because the Soviet economy finally self-destructed by the late 1980s. For most of the world, the Soviet collapse proved that command economies were simply inferior to the market-dominated mixed economies of the capitalist world. Of course, China – still ruled politically by an authoritarian Communist Party, even though its economy is now more mixed if not exactly free – is now the biggest creditor nation to the United States. What are six major economic goals of a market economy? Freedom, efficiency, equality, stability, security, growth.The 6 Economic Goals Objectives: – Summarize the basic economic goals societies share 6 Economic Goals – Economic Efficie ncy – Making the most of resources – Societies must be efficient – Economic Freedom – Freedom from govt intervention in the production & distribution of G & S – Economic Security and Predictability – We want to know that G & S will be available (Paychecks too) – Safety Net- – govt programs that protect ppl experiencing unfavorable economic conditions 6 Economic Goals Cont. – Economic Equity – Fair distribution of wealth – Economic Growth and Innovation Innovation leads to growth, and economic growth leads to a higher standard living – Standard of Living- – level of economic prosperity – Other Goals – Environmental Protection, Consumer Safety Millennium Development Goals â€Å"MDG† redirects here. For other uses, see  MDG (disambiguation). The Millennium Development Goals are aUN  initiative. The  Millennium Development Goals  (MDGs) are eight  international devel opment  goals  that were officially established following theMillennium Summit  of the  United Nations  in 2000, following the adoption of the  United Nations Millennium Declaration.All 193 United Nations  member states  and at least 23  international organizations  have agreed to achieve these goals by the year 2015. The goals are: Eradicating  extreme poverty and hunger, Achieving  universal primary education, Promoting  gender equality  and  empowering  women, Reducing  child mortality  rates, Improving  maternal health, Combating  HIV/AIDS,  malaria, and other diseases, Ensuring environmental  sustainability, and Developing a global partnership for development. [1]Each of the goals has specific stated targets and dates for achieving those targets. To accelerate progress, the  G8  Finance Ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the  World Bank, the  International Monetary Fund  (IMF), and the  African Develo pment Bank  (AfDB) to cancel an additional $40 to $55  billion in debt owed by members of theHeavily Indebted Poor Countries  (HIPC) to allow impoverished countries to rechannel the resources saved from the forgiven debt to social programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.Debate has surrounded adoption of the MDGs, focusing on lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, the difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals, and uneven progress towards reaching the goals, among other criticisms. Although developed countries' aid for achieving the MDGs has been rising over recent years, more than half the aid is towards debt relief owed by poor countries, with much of the remaining aid money going towards natural disaster relief and military aid which do not further development.Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals, while others are not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date.There were also new commitments on women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger, and disease. Government organizations assist in achieving those goals, among them are the United Nations Millennium Campaign, the Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc. , the Global Poverty Project, the  Micah Challenge, The Youth in Action EU Programme, â€Å"Cartoons in Action† video project, and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project.